Traditional methods of chemical manufacture have intrinsic inefficiencies that result in wastes of materials, energy, time, and space. Through thoughtful redesign, entire manufacturing processes that had been split into large numbers of ‘unit processes’ of reaction, separation, purification, etc., can be combined resulting in benefits not merely waste reduction but also decreasing capital costs, operating costs, and increasing inherent safety. The concept of having small continuous-flow ‘reactors’ that can be increased in number, so-called “numbering up,” can realize the advantages when compared to the traditional method of “scaling up” bulk processes.